It was only a few years ago when I literally stumbled into the Tirthan
Valley in Himachal Pradesh and found myself at a gateway leading to one
of India’s ‘youngest’ national parks — The Great Himalayan National
Park. A pair of White Capped Red Starts flitted along the banks of the
Tirthan river which kept me company as I walked the 10 km stretch to the
park entrance from where all the treks begin.
The park was officially declared in 1999, and has over the years
expanded by incorporating adjoining ‘protected areas’ and wildlife parks
into its fold, bringing the total area under administration to 1,171 sq
km.
More recently, in 2010, both the Sainj and Tirthan Wildlife Sanctuaries
were also added to the GHNP, but will only be formally incorporated
once the process known as ‘settlement of rights’ is completed. Covering a
large area, the GHNP is contiguous with the Pin Valley National Park
(675 sq km) in Trans-Himalaya, the Rupi Bhabha Wildlife Sanctuary (503
sq km) in Sutlej watershed and the Kanawar Wildlife Sanctuary (61 sq
km).
Such a large, unbroken and protected expanse of wilderness is like an
Eden for flora and fauna to flourish. Geographically speaking, the park
seems to encompass almost everything from dense oak and walnut forests,
alpine valleys and meadows to patches of high altitude pink
rhododendrons which finally give way to a treeless rocky and glacial
terrain at 6,100 metres at it’s highest point.
The GHNP is a hotspot for biodiversity and is home to some of the most
vulnerable and endangered species. In all, there are 375 recorded faunal
species
within the park, a number which is likely to increase, as research and
studies indicate. These include the Snow Leopard, the Himalayan Black
and Brown Bear, the Royle’s Vole, the Himalayan Tahr, the leopard, the
Himalayan Pit Viper, the Musk deer, the Monal and the Western Tragopan,
to name just a few.
The Western Tragopan, which is also on the logo of the GHNP, is
considered to be the rarest of pheasants in the world. Juju Rana, as it
is locally known, literally translates as the king of birds. According
to local legend, when the creator was making the world she decided to
make something special. So she asked all the birds to give one feather
each and from that she created the Juju Rana. It is this biodiversity
and its uniqueness that has got the GHNP nominated to the status of a
Unesco World Heritage Site.
Unesco will be evaluating the national park this coming month and
consider awarding it the status of a World Heritage Site — a status
which earlier this year the Western Ghats was awarded, but was declined
by the Goa and the Karnataka Governments, presumably owing to the
gigantic mining mafia that exists in the region. It is ironic that the
very minerals and metals the human race is after are below the most
pristine and ancient forests. To open up a forest to be scraped and
gouged for mining is to seal not only the fate of the forest, but also
everything around it and connected with it.
The GHNP has been nominated specifically under two criteria. The first
criterion is that the site should contain superlative natural phenomena
or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance.
The second condition is that it should contain the most important and
significant natural habitats for in situ conservation of biological
diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding
universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. The
nomination itself is testimony to the fact that GHNP is amongst the top
most biologically diverse and vital natural habitats on our planet.
Unfortunately, it is this very fact which is also one of the reasons
why the GHNP is threatened. The forests with their diversity in both
flora and fauna, have long been used by the communities that have lived
in and around them. Local village communities used the meadows and wild
lands to graze domestic cattle and sheep, collect forest produce,
especially medicinal plants, and to hunt for wild meat in a sustainable
manner.
The second half of this story is not new. Commercial gain comes
sweeping in and turns everything inside out. Accelerating development,
including mining, tourism, hydro-electric dams, timber/forest
encroachment and even military use, are taking a toll on this protected
habitat. One other activity which began small but has grown disturbingly
fast to a vast scale is the illegal collection of medicinal plants.
During my time at the GHNP, I was told about how the demand for these
medicinal plants comes from the cities and how then these plants are
exported out of the country. The locals are shown photographs of the
plant, fungus or root that is in demand, given a rate and sent out in
hordes. The entire pipeline is extremely organised and run by a mafia.
The biggest demand these days is for a plant locally called Naag
Chhatri. It is the root of the plant that is sought after. Needless to
say, to harvest it the entire plant is killed. The plant itself is
extremely medicinal in nature and is apparently used as a cure for
everything — from fever to high blood pressure. The exact number of
people involved is not known, but the quantities extracted from the
forest are reportedly huge. So huge that it poses a very real threat to
actually cause a local extinction of the species.
A space-time crystal,
however, has only existed as a concept in the minds of theoretical
scientists with no serious idea as to how to actually build one – until
now. An international team of scientists led by researchers with the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
(Berkeley Lab) has proposed the experimental design of a space-time
crystal based on an electric-field ion trap and the Coulomb repulsion of
particles that carry the same electrical charge.
"The electric field of the ion trap holds charged particles in place and
Coulomb repulsion causes them to spontaneously form a spatial ring
crystal," says Xiang Zhang, a faculty scientist with Berkeley Lab's
Materials Sciences Division who led this research. "Under the
application of a weak static magnetic field, this ring-shaped ion
crystal will begin a rotation that will never stop. The persistent
rotation of trapped ions produces temporal order, leading to the
formation of a space-time crystal at the lowest quantum energy state."
Because the space-time crystal is already at its lowest quantum energy
state, its temporal order – or timekeeping – will theoretically persist
even after the rest of our universe reaches entropy, thermodynamic
equilibrium or "heat-death."
Zhang, who holds the Ernest S. Kuh Endowed Chair Professor of Mechanical
Engineering at the University of California (UC) Berkeley, where he
also directs the Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center, is the
corresponding author of a paper describing this work in Physical Review
Letters (PRL). The paper is titled "Space-time crystals of trapped
ions." Co-authoring this paper were Tongcang Li, Zhe-Xuan Gong, Zhang-Qi
Yin, Haitao Quan, Xiaobo Yin, Peng Zhang and Luming Duan.
The concept of a crystal that has discrete order in time was proposed
earlier this year by Frank Wilczek, the Nobel-prize winning physicist at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
While Wilczek mathematically proved that a time crystal can exist, how
to physically realize such a time crystal was unclear. Zhang and his
group, who have been working on issues with temporal order in a
different system since September 2011, have come up with an experimental
design to build a crystal that is discrete both in space and time – a
space-time crystal. Papers on both of these proposals appear in the same
issue of PRL (September 24, 2012).
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Traditional crystals are 3D solid structures made up of atoms or
molecules bonded together in an orderly and repeating pattern. Common
examples are ice, salt and snowflakes. Crystallization takes place when
heat is removed from a molecular system until it reaches its lower
energy state. At a certain point of lower energy, continuous spatial
symmetry breaks down and the crystal assumes discrete symmetry, meaning
that instead of the structure being the same in all directions, it is
the same in only a few directions.
"Great progress has been made over the last few decades in exploring the
exciting physics of low-dimensional crystalline materials such as
two-dimensional graphene, one-dimensional nanotubes, and
zero-dimensional buckyballs," says Tongcang Li, lead author of the PRL
paper and a post-doc in Zhang's research group. "The idea of creating a
crystal with dimensions higher than that of conventional 3D crystals is
an important conceptual breakthrough in physics and it is very exciting
for us to be the first to devise a way to realize a space-time crystal."
Just as a 3D crystal is configured at the lowest quantum energy state
when continuous spatial symmetry is broken into discrete symmetry, so
too is symmetry breaking expected to configure the temporal component of
the space-time crystal. Under the scheme devised by Zhang and Li and
their colleagues, a spatial ring of trapped ions in persistent rotation
will periodically reproduce itself in time, forming a temporal analog of
an ordinary spatial crystal. With a periodic structure in both space
and time, the result is a space-time crystal.
"While a space-time crystal looks like a perpetual motion machine and
may seem implausible at first glance," Li says, "keep in mind that a
superconductor or even a normal metal ring can support persistent
electron currents in its quantum ground state under the right
conditions. Of course, electrons in a metal lack spatial order and
therefore can't be used to make a space-time crystal."
Li is quick to point out that their proposed space-time crystal is not a
perpetual motion machine because being at the lowest quantum energy
state, there is no energy output. However, there are a great many
scientific studies for which a space-time crystal would be invaluable.
"The space-time crystal would be a many-body system in and of itself,"
Li says. "As such, it could provide us with a new way to explore classic
many-body questions physics question. For example, how does a
space-time crystal emerge? How does time translation symmetry break?
What are the quasi-particles in space-time crystals? What are the
effects of defects on space-time crystals? Studying such questions will
significantly advance our understanding of nature."
Peng Zhang, another co-author and member of Zhang's research group,
notes that a space-time crystal might also be used to store and transfer
quantum information across different rotational states in both space
and time. Space-time crystals may also find analogues in other physical
systems beyond trapped ions.
"These analogs could open doors to fundamentally new technologies and
devices for variety of applications," he says.
Xiang Zhang believes that it might even be possible now to make a
space-time crystal using their scheme and state of the art ion traps. He
and his group are actively seeking collaborators with the proper
ion-trapping facilities and expertise.
"The main challenge will be to cool an ion ring to its ground state,"
Xiang Zhang says. "This can be overcome in the near future with the
development of ion trap technologies. As there has never been a
space-time crystal before, most of its properties will be unknown and we
will have to study them. Such studies should deepen our understandings
of phase transitions and symmetry breaking."
Read more at:
http://phys.org/news/2012-09-clock-space-time-crystal.html#jCp
A space-time crystal,
however, has only existed as a concept in the minds of theoretical
scientists with no serious idea as to how to actually build one – until
now. An international team of scientists led by researchers with the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
(Berkeley Lab) has proposed the experimental design of a space-time
crystal based on an electric-field ion trap and the Coulomb repulsion of
particles that carry the same electrical charge.
"The electric field of the ion trap holds charged particles in place and
Coulomb repulsion causes them to spontaneously form a spatial ring
crystal," says Xiang Zhang, a faculty scientist with Berkeley Lab's
Materials Sciences Division who led this research. "Under the
application of a weak static magnetic field, this ring-shaped ion
crystal will begin a rotation that will never stop. The persistent
rotation of trapped ions produces temporal order, leading to the
formation of a space-time crystal at the lowest quantum energy state."
Because the space-time crystal is already at its lowest quantum energy
state, its temporal order – or timekeeping – will theoretically persist
even after the rest of our universe reaches entropy, thermodynamic
equilibrium or "heat-death."
Zhang, who holds the Ernest S. Kuh Endowed Chair Professor of Mechanical
Engineering at the University of California (UC) Berkeley, where he
also directs the Nano-scale Science and Engineering Center, is the
corresponding author of a paper describing this work in Physical Review
Letters (PRL). The paper is titled "Space-time crystals of trapped
ions." Co-authoring this paper were Tongcang Li, Zhe-Xuan Gong, Zhang-Qi
Yin, Haitao Quan, Xiaobo Yin, Peng Zhang and Luming Duan.
The concept of a crystal that has discrete order in time was proposed
earlier this year by Frank Wilczek, the Nobel-prize winning physicist at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
While Wilczek mathematically proved that a time crystal can exist, how
to physically realize such a time crystal was unclear. Zhang and his
group, who have been working on issues with temporal order in a
different system since September 2011, have come up with an experimental
design to build a crystal that is discrete both in space and time – a
space-time crystal. Papers on both of these proposals appear in the same
issue of PRL (September 24, 2012).
Ads by Google
IIT JEE Syllabus - Video Lectures of Complete IIT JEE Syllabus By
IITians. Order Free DVD - KaySonsEducation.co.in
Traditional crystals are 3D solid structures made up of atoms or
molecules bonded together in an orderly and repeating pattern. Common
examples are ice, salt and snowflakes. Crystallization takes place when
heat is removed from a molecular system until it reaches its lower
energy state. At a certain point of lower energy, continuous spatial
symmetry breaks down and the crystal assumes discrete symmetry, meaning
that instead of the structure being the same in all directions, it is
the same in only a few directions.
"Great progress has been made over the last few decades in exploring the
exciting physics of low-dimensional crystalline materials such as
two-dimensional graphene, one-dimensional nanotubes, and
zero-dimensional buckyballs," says Tongcang Li, lead author of the PRL
paper and a post-doc in Zhang's research group. "The idea of creating a
crystal with dimensions higher than that of conventional 3D crystals is
an important conceptual breakthrough in physics and it is very exciting
for us to be the first to devise a way to realize a space-time crystal."
Just as a 3D crystal is configured at the lowest quantum energy state
when continuous spatial symmetry is broken into discrete symmetry, so
too is symmetry breaking expected to configure the temporal component of
the space-time crystal. Under the scheme devised by Zhang and Li and
their colleagues, a spatial ring of trapped ions in persistent rotation
will periodically reproduce itself in time, forming a temporal analog of
an ordinary spatial crystal. With a periodic structure in both space
and time, the result is a space-time crystal.
"While a space-time crystal looks like a perpetual motion machine and
may seem implausible at first glance," Li says, "keep in mind that a
superconductor or even a normal metal ring can support persistent
electron currents in its quantum ground state under the right
conditions. Of course, electrons in a metal lack spatial order and
therefore can't be used to make a space-time crystal."
Li is quick to point out that their proposed space-time crystal is not a
perpetual motion machine because being at the lowest quantum energy
state, there is no energy output. However, there are a great many
scientific studies for which a space-time crystal would be invaluable.
"The space-time crystal would be a many-body system in and of itself,"
Li says. "As such, it could provide us with a new way to explore classic
many-body questions physics question. For example, how does a
space-time crystal emerge? How does time translation symmetry break?
What are the quasi-particles in space-time crystals? What are the
effects of defects on space-time crystals? Studying such questions will
significantly advance our understanding of nature."
Peng Zhang, another co-author and member of Zhang's research group,
notes that a space-time crystal might also be used to store and transfer
quantum information across different rotational states in both space
and time. Space-time crystals may also find analogues in other physical
systems beyond trapped ions.
"These analogs could open doors to fundamentally new technologies and
devices for variety of applications," he says.
Xiang Zhang believes that it might even be possible now to make a
space-time crystal using their scheme and state of the art ion traps. He
and his group are actively seeking collaborators with the proper
ion-trapping facilities and expertise.
"The main challenge will be to cool an ion ring to its ground state,"
Xiang Zhang says. "This can be overcome in the near future with the
development of ion trap technologies. As there has never been a
space-time crystal before, most of its properties will be unknown and we
will have to study them. Such studies should deepen our understandings
of phase transitions and symmetry breaking."
Read more at:
http://phys.org/news/2012-09-clock-space-time-crystal.html#jCp
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